| Method | Used For | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Using Infinitive | Purpose | too...to, to + V1 |
| Using Participle | Simultaneous actions | V+ing, V3 |
| Using Conjunction | Join clauses | and, but, because |
| Using Relative Pronoun | Describe nouns | who, which, that |
| Using Preposition | Replace clauses | in spite of, because of |
Synthesis means combining two or more simple sentences into a single sentence without changing the meaning. The new sentence can be:
тАв Work hard. You will pass. (separate)
тЖТ By working hard, you will pass. (simple)
тЖТ If you work hard, you will pass. (complex)
тЖТ Work hard and you will pass. (compound)
When two or more simple sentences are combined in such a way that only one finite verb appears in the sentence, the resulting new sentence is also a Simple Sentence.
There are 9 methods to combine Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence:
Participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an adjective.
Example: Hearing the noise, I went into the room.
In this sentence, "Hearing" is formed from the verb "hear", so it acts as a verb, and it also describes the subject (I), so it acts as an adjective.
When two sentences describe two events where the first event immediately leads to the second, use the first event as a Present Participle, followed by a comma (,), then write the second event.
тАв He saw the lion. He ran away.
тЖТ Seeing the lion, he ran away.
тАв He took the leave. He went to his village.
тЖТ Taking the leave, he went to his village.
тАв I opened the door. I saw a big black snake.
тЖТ Opening the door, I saw a big black snake.
тАв She was tired of play. She sat down to take rest.
тЖТ Being tired of play, she sat down to take rest.
тАв Ram is angry. He does not want to talk to you.
тЖТ Being angry, Ram does not want to talk to you.
тАв The child was hungry. It cried for milk.
тЖТ Being hungry, the child cried for milk.
Note: When the sentence has is, am, are, was, were, use Being. When the sentence is in passive voice, use being + VтВГ.
Use Past Participle to combine two sentences where one provides information about an object/person and the other describes a characteristic of that object/person. Past Participle is the III form of the main verb and acts as an Adjective in combined sentences.
тАв Yesterday I found my book. The book was lost.
тЖТ Yesterday I found my lost book.
тАв He was teasing the child. The child was irritated.
тЖТ He was teasing the irritated child.
тАв He saw a dead body. It was covered with white shirt.
тЖТ He saw a dead body covered with white shirt.
Having + III form of main verb is called Perfect Participle. Like Present Participle, it combines two sentences describing two events where the first event leads to the second. The difference is that Present Participle shows little time gap (immediate effect), while Perfect Participle shows some time gap between events - the second event occurs after the first is completed.
тАв My elder brother failed to get promotion. He applied for the retirement.
тЖТ Having failed to get promotion, my elder brother applied for the retirement.
тАв I finished my dinner. I went to sleep.
тЖТ Having finished my dinner, I went to sleep.
тАв He drew his sword. He rushed at the man.
тЖТ Having drawn his sword, he rushed at the man.
тАв He wrote a letter. He gave it to his friend.
тЖТ Having written a letter, he gave it to his friend.
Note: Perfect Participle has another use when both sentences have different subjects. To make subjects same, convert the first sentence to passive voice. Use having + been + VтВГ for such sentences.
тАв Ram beat a boy. The boy began to weep.
тЖТ Having been beaten by Ram, the boy began to weep.
тАв My neighbour rebuked him. He complained to his father.
тЖТ Having been rebuked by my neighbour, he complained to his father.
To make Infinitive, add to before the I form (base form) of the main verb, i.e., to + VтВБ is called Infinitive.
Infinitive is used to express the purpose or result of an action, and through this, two Simple Sentences are converted into one Simple Sentence.
тАв The teacher took a stick. He intended to beat the boy.
тЖТ The teacher took a stick to beat the boy.
тАв He is very small. He cannot ride a bicycle.
тЖТ He is too small to ride a bicycle.
тАв He is running fast. He wants to catch the train.
тЖТ He is running fast to catch the train.
тАв He is very immature. He cannot be married.
тЖТ He is too immature to be married.
тАв I want to educate my daughter. I send her to school.
тЖТ I send my daughter to school to educate her.
When the ing form of the main verb is used in sentences not as a main verb but as a noun or adjective, it is called a Gerund.
тАв I like hockey. I like playing it.
тЖТ I like playing hockey.
тАв He has a hobby. It is swimming.
тЖТ His hobby is swimming.
тАв Do not get down the bus. The bus is moving.
тЖТ Do not get down the moving bus.
тАв Her husband died. She lost conscience.
тЖТ On hearing the news of her husband's death, she lost conscience.
When two sentences have one same subject performing two parallel actions OR two different subjects performing similar actions, these sentences can be joined using 'and' to make one simple sentence.
тАв Ram beat a dog. Ram beat a cat.
тЖТ Ram beat a dog and a cat.
тАв My elder brother hired a man. He also hired a woman.
тЖТ My elder brother hired a man and a woman.
тАв Mohan went to Allahabad. His sister went to Allahabad.
тЖТ Mohan and his sister went to Allahabad.
тАв Meera sang a song. Madhu sang a song.
тЖТ Meera and Madhu sang a song.
Two or more simple sentences can be joined into one simple sentence using a Preposition such as on, before, after, of, by, for, besides, etc. For this, some other changes are also made in the sentence.
тАв I fell asleep. I had not completed my study.
тЖТ I fell asleep before the completion of my study.
тАв He could not qualify for final. He attempted many times.
тЖТ In spite of his many attempts, he could not qualify for final.
тАв He has faced many difficulties. Still he is not discouraged.
тЖТ In spite of many difficulties, he is not discouraged.
тАв India became free in 1947. She has been making rapid progress after that.
тЖТ India has been making rapid progress after becoming free in 1947.
тАв He ran fast. He finished top.
тЖТ By running fast, he finished top.
тАв He entered the gate. He locked it.
тЖТ After entering the gate, he locked it.
тАв He worked hard. He got good marks.
тЖТ By working hard, he got good marks.
Important Note: If a simple sentence uses also, replace it with besides. If still is used, replace it with in spite of. If otherwise is used, replace it with but for.
тАв He gave me five hundred rupees. He also promised me all help.
тЖТ Besides giving five hundred rupees, he promised me all help.
тАв He is very rich. Still he is not proud.
тЖТ In spite of being very rich, he is not proud.
тАв You must support him. Otherwise he will lose the election.
тЖТ But for your support, he will lose the election.
Apposition means 'placing side by side'. In the context of synthesis, it means 'the placing of a word next to another, in order to explain or qualify the first.'
In clearer words, using Apposition, two simple sentences are joined which contain two parallel pieces of information about the same noun (person, object, etc.).
тАв Tagore was a famous poet. He was the author of the Gitanjali.
тЖТ Tagore, a famous poet, was the author of the Gitanjali.
тЖТ Tagore, the author of the Gitanjali, was a famous poet.
тАв Nehru was our first Prime Minister. He was a great writer.
тЖТ Nehru, our first Prime Minister, was a great writer.
тАв Rohit Sharma is the captain of Indian cricket team. He is a great batsman.
тЖТ Rohit Sharma, a great batsman, is the captain of Indian cricket team.
тАв Tagore founded Vishwa Bharti University. He was a great poet.
тЖТ Tagore, a great poet, founded Vishwa Bharti University.
тЖТ Tagore, the founder of Vishwa Bharti University, was a great poet.
Nominative Absolute means a complete subject in itself. Using Nominative Absolute, two sentences are joined which have different subjects and the second event happens as a result of the first event.
In such sentences, after the subject of the first event, the verb is converted to VтВБ + ing or having + VтВГ, then comma (,) is placed, and the second sentence is written as it is.
There are three types of changes in the first sentence:
тАв Ram was a thief. The police arrested him.
тЖТ Ram being a thief, the police arrested him.
тАв The day was hot. I could not do my work satisfactorily.
тЖТ The day being hot, I could not do my work satisfactorily.
тАв The tea was very hot. I could not have it.
тЖТ The tea being very hot, I could not have it.
тАв The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
тЖТ The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
тАв The boy shouted. I was frightened.
тЖТ The boy having shouted, I was frightened.
тАв The frog jumped. The crane caught it.
тЖТ The frog having jumped, the crane caught it.
тАв The lion was killed. The hunter came out of the bushes.
тЖТ The lion having been killed, the hunter came out of the bushes.
тАв Madan was beaten cruelly. The teacher enquired into the matter.
тЖТ Madan having been beaten cruelly, the teacher enquired into the matter.
Words that describe the characteristics of a verb, another adverb, or adjective are called Adverbs. Adverbs tell the manner of doing an action.
When Adverb is combined with some other words, it is called an Adverb Phrase or Adverbial Phrase.
Using Adverb and Adverbial Phrase, two sentences are joined where one describes an action and the other tells the method of doing that action.
тАв He went to the station. He went there in a hurry.
тЖТ He went to the station hurriedly.
тАв You should draft the letter. Do not delay it.
тЖТ You should draft the letter without any delay.
тАв I am attending this office. I am punctual in it.
тЖТ I am attending this office punctually.
тАв You spent all the money. It was foolish.
тЖТ You spent all the money foolishly.
тАв I got first division. It was lucky for me.
тЖТ Luckily I got first division.
тАв He did the work. He was honest in doing it.
тЖТ He did the work honestly.
тАв You are wrong in this matter. It is certain.
тЖТ Certainly you are wrong in this matter.
Words that describe (qualify) a Noun or Pronoun are called Adjectives. When Adjective is combined with some other words, it is called an Adjective Phrase.
Using Adjective, two sentences are joined where one talks about a subject or object (noun or pronoun) and the other sentence describes a characteristic or identification of that subject.
тАв I met a girl yesterday. The girl was very pretty.
тЖТ I met a very pretty girl yesterday.
тАв A boy bought this chair. The boy was clever.
тЖТ A clever boy bought this chair.
тАв Yesterday I helped a man. The man was very poor.
тЖТ Yesterday I helped a very poor man.
тАв The murderer killed a child. The child was innocent.
тЖТ The murderer killed an innocent child.
тАв A boy was punished. He was naughty.
тЖТ A naughty boy was punished.
A Complex sentence has one Principal clause and one or more Subordinate clauses (dependent clauses).
Therefore, when combining two or more Simple sentences into one complex sentence, it is necessary to convert one of the given Simple sentences into a Principal clause and the other sentences into Subordinate clauses.
Subordinate Clauses are of three types:
тАв You are a thief. It is known to all.
тЖТ That you are a thief, is known to all.
тАв Every one knows well. You are a sincere student.
тЖТ Every one knows well that you are a sincere student.
тАв Ram is a dull boy. Every teacher knows it.
тЖТ Every teacher knows that Ram is a dull boy.
тАв Ram has failed in the examination. The reason is his carelessness.
тЖТ The reason of Ram's failure in the examination is that he is careless.
тАв I told you that yesterday. You must rely on it.
тЖТ You must rely on what I told you yesterday.
тАв He is honest. I know this.
тЖТ I know that he is honest.
тАв He will come today. I am sure of it.
тЖТ I am sure that he will come today.
тАв He does not know. Who is she?
тЖТ He does not know who she is.
тАв Tell me. Where is she?
тЖТ Tell me where she is.
тАв Do you know? Why is she sad?
тЖТ Do you know why she is sad?
тАв I can't say. Is he poor?
тЖТ I can't say if/whether he is poor.
Using Adjective Clause is appropriate when one sentence describes a person or object, and another sentence talks about that same Noun.
In such cases, use who, whom, whose, which, when, where, that etc. to convert one sentence into a Subordinate Clause and the other into a Principal Clause.
тАв I saw a dog. The dog was lying on the road.
тЖТ I saw a dog which was lying on the road.
тАв I gave him a camera. The camera was very cheap.
тЖТ I gave him a camera which was very cheap.
тАв This is the school. I was taught here in my childhood.
тЖТ This is the school where I was taught in my childhood.
тАв The man was caught. He stole my watch.
тЖТ The man, who stole my watch was caught.
тАв He was weeping for some reason. Nobody knew the reason.
тЖТ Nobody knew the reason why he was weeping.
тАв This is the magazine. I want to purchase.
тЖТ This is the magazine that I want to purchase.
тАв I shall always be grateful to him. He helped me.
тЖТ I whom he helped shall always be grateful to him.
Note: Adjective clause starts with a Relative Pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) or a Relative Adverb (how, why, when, where). It should be noted that as far as possible, these words should be placed near the words whose characteristics are being described, i.e., the Relative Pronoun and Relative Adverb's antecedent (preceding word) should be used before them.
When two or more sentences have a relationship of Time, Place, Manner, Purpose, Cause, Condition, Contrast, Comparison, etc., Simple Sentences are joined using Adverb Clause to make a Complex Sentence.
тАв I waited for Ram Gopal. I waited till his arrival.
тЖТ I waited for Ram Gopal till he arrived.
тАв He had left home. He came later.
тЖТ He had left home before he came.
тАв He came to the palace. She was sitting there.
тЖТ He came where she was sitting.
тАв Nehru went to many places. He was welcomed everywhere.
тЖТ Nehru was welcomed wherever he went.
тАв You have treated me in a certain way. I will treat you in the same way.
тЖТ I will treat you as you have treated me.
тАв I drew my sword. I wanted to defend myself.
тЖТ I drew my sword so that I might defend myself.
тАв Do not work too much. You will lose your health.
тЖТ If you work too much, you will lose your health.
тАв You must do it. It is not the matter of your choice.
тЖТ You must do it whether you like it or not.
тАв He was very poor. He could not buy this book.
тЖТ He was so poor that he could not buy this book.
тАв He ran very fast. She could not over take him.
тЖТ He ran so fast that she could not over take him.
тАв She is ill. She cannot attend the class.
тЖТ Since she is ill, she cannot attend the class.
тАв He is weak. I shall teach him.
тЖТ I shall teach him because he is weak.
тАв I am happy. I have got a job.
тЖТ As I have got a job, I am happy.
тАв He is poor. He is honest.
тЖТ Although he is poor, he is honest.
тАв He is rich. He is unhappy.
тЖТ Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
тАв It looks. It will rain.
тЖТ It looks as if it will rain.
тАв Sita is beautiful. Sarla is equally beautiful.
тЖТ Sarla is as beautiful as Sita.
To combine two or more Simple sentences into one Compound sentence, co-ordinating conjunctions are used.
Co-ordinating conjunctions are of the following four types, which are used to join four types of sentences:
They join one idea to another and one statement or fact to another.
Both-and, And, Not only-but also, As well as, No less than are called Cumulative Conjunctions.
тАв He took my pen yesterday. He returned it today.
тЖТ He took my pen yesterday and returned it today.
тАв He was marked absent. He was turned out of the class.
тЖТ He was marked absent as well as turned out of the class.
тАв Ram is hard working. He is honest.
тЖТ Ram is both hard working and honest.
тАв Sita has completed her work. Gita has completed her work.
тЖТ Not only Sita but also Gita have completed her work.
тАв I am going to market. My parents are going to market.
тЖТ I as well as my parents am going to market.
тАв She is innocent. Her lover is innocent.
тЖТ She no less than her lover is innocent.
They are used when one of the two things is to be chosen or a choice is offered between one sentence and another.
Either-or, Neither-nor, Or, Nor, Otherwise, Else are called Alternative Conjunctions.
тАв Ram may go to Jaipur. Mohan may go to Jaipur.
тЖТ Either Ram or Mohan may go to Jaipur.
тАв My brother does not bring his note book. My sister does not bring her note book.
тЖТ Neither my brother nor my sister brings her note book.
тАв Give me your purse. I will shot you.
тЖТ Give me your purse otherwise I will shot you.
тАв Make haste. You will miss the train.
тЖТ Make haste else / or / otherwise you will miss the train.
тАв Come in time. Do not come at all.
тЖТ Either come in time or do not come at all.
These conjunctions join two contrasting sentences, i.e., the second statement is opposite to the first.
But, Yet, Nevertheless, Whereas, While, However, Still are called Adversative Conjunctions.
тАв He is lazy. He is clever.
тЖТ He is lazy but he is clever.
тАв He is poor. He is honest.
тЖТ He is poor yet he is honest.
тАв He is ill. He works hard.
тЖТ He is ill still he works hard.
тАв She ran very fast. She missed the train.
тЖТ She ran very fast yet she missed the train.
тАв Wise men love truth. Fools shun truth.
тЖТ Wise men love truth whereas/while fools shun it.
They prove one fact from another and they also indicate cause, reason, and result.
Therefore, so, for, thus, hence are called Illative Conjunctions.
тАв He did not work hard. He failed in the examination.
тЖТ He did not work hard therefore, he failed in the examination.
тАв He is the son of a professor. He is intelligent.
тЖТ He is the son of a professor, therefore he is intelligent.
тАв I can't take class. I am ill.
тЖТ I am ill so/thus I can't take class.
тАв I got promotion. I worked hard.
тЖТ I got promotion for I worked hard.
тАв I cannot die in peace. I am a sinner.
тЖТ I am a sinner, so I cannot die in peace.
тАв He left his studies. He had no money.
тЖТ He had no money, so he left his studies.
Combine the following sets of sentences as directed against each:
1. The boy wrote a letter. The boy went to school. (simple)
2. He was hungry. He ate two apples. (simple)
3. Work hard. You will not pass. (compound)
4. Be quick. You will be late. (compound)
5. I have a watch. It does not work well. (complex)
6. We went to the hospital. There we saw a dead body. (complex)
7. The police came. The thief had run away. (complex)
Combine these sentences into one simple sentence:
1. He sent his son to America. He wanted to educate him. (S.S. Exam. 2007)
2. Naveen is tired. He needs rest.
3. Yogita took a pen. She wanted to write a story. (S.S. Exam. 2008)
4. He was tired. He went to bed so early.
5. Hiroshima was once a prosperous town. It is now a heap of ruins. (S.S. Exam. 2009)
6. The holidays are at end. Boys are returning to school.
Combine these sentences into one complex sentence:
7. My wife lives is Surat. She is a doctor. (S.S. Exam. 2010)
8. Kavita helped me. Her father is an RAS officer.
Combine each set of sentences into one sentence as directed:
9. He felt tired. He sat down to rest. (Simple Sentence)
10. I am in the right. You are in the wrong. (Compound Sentence) (Model paper 2023)
11. Sushil was punished. Sushil was fined. (Compound sentence)
12. The earth is round. Everyone knows it. (Complex sentence) (S.S. Exam. 2023)
13. Lencho wrote a letter to god. He wanted god to help him. (Use infinitive)
14. Usha worked very hard. She stood first in class. (Make a compound sentence) (S.S. Exam. 2024)
15. Night came on. The room grew dark. (Make a compound sentence) (S.S. Exam. 2025)